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Although widely used to evaluate nicotine dependence, the FTND was not originally designed to measure changes in smoking behavior over time, especially among participants who reduce consumption without achieving full abstinence

Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Smoking burden in different regions and countries With regard to the SDI regions, high-middle SDI regions had the highest ASDR and ASDALYR in 2021

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Visit the NHS Choices website for information and advice on stopping smoking or contact your doctor.

But to control for cross-border trade, the authors of the study could have employed a regional analysis, comparing New England to the Mid-Atlantic, Gulf States, West Coast, etc